Keratoconus is an eye disorder that causes the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) to become thin and cone-shaped. This irregular shape of the cornea can cause distorted vision, often making it difficult to see clearly. Keratoconus typically develops in adolescence or early adulthood and can worsen over time. It affects about 1 in every 2000 people and is more common among certain populations, such as those with a family history of the condition.
Research has shown that there is a genetic component to keratoconus. Studies have found higher rates of keratoconus among first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, children) of those with the condition. This suggests that there may be a hereditary link between family members who develop keratoconus.
Understanding Keratoconus
As mentioned before, keratoconus is a progressive eye disease that primarily affects the cornea, causing it to thin and bulge into a cone-like shape. This condition typically begins in young adults and usually progresses until around age 30, though the severity and progression can vary from person to person. It often starts in one eye and eventually affects both eyes, leading to symptoms such as blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and distorted images, which can significantly impact daily activities.
The exact cause of keratoconus remains unknown, but researchers believe genetics, environmental factors, and possibly an imbalance of enzymes in the cornea may play a significant role in its development. Early diagnosis and proper management are crucial to slow its progression and maintain vision quality.
The Role of Genetics
Studies show that genetics play a big role in keratoconus. Research from JAMA Ophthalmology in 2019 found links between keratoconus and genes involved in cell death processes. This suggests that keratoconus can run in families, often following a dominant inheritance pattern, but it doesn’t always show up the same way in everyone.
Studies have identified specific genes linked to keratoconus, one of which is the TGFBI gene. This gene contains the instructions for producing a protein called transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI), which plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure, strength, and transparency of the cornea.
Mutations in the TGFBI gene are believed to disrupt the normal production of this protein, weakening the corneal tissue and making it more prone to thinning and bulging. Other genes may also interact with environmental factors to increase susceptibility, although more research is needed to fully understand these complex interactions.
Environmental Factors
Aside from genetics, environmental factors may also play a role in keratoconus development. Studies have shown that excessive eye rubbing, especially during childhood when the cornea is still developing, can increase the risk of keratoconus. It is believed that chronic eye rubbing puts mechanical stress on the cornea, ultimately weakening its structure and contributing to its thinning and bulging.
Other possible environmental factors include allergies and overexposure to UV light. Both can cause inflammation in the eye and lead to increased enzyme activity, which may contribute to corneal thinning and weakening.
Enzyme Imbalance
Enzymes are proteins that help facilitate chemical reactions in the body. In keratoconus, an imbalance of enzymes in the cornea may contribute to its weakened structure. Specifically, levels of certain enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins have been found to be elevated in the corneas of patients with keratoconus. These enzymes have been shown to break down proteins in the cornea, leading to a weakened and distorted shape.
Early Diagnosis & Proper Management
While the exact causes of keratoconus are still being studied, early diagnosis and proper management can help slow or prevent the progression of the condition. Here are some key steps that can help:
- Regular eye exams: It is important to have routine eye exams, especially if you have a family history of keratoconus or are experiencing symptoms such as distorted vision. Early detection can lead to prompt treatment and better outcomes.
- Avoid eye rubbing: As mentioned before, excessive eye rubbing can put mechanical stress on the cornea and contribute to its thinning and bulging. If you find yourself habitually rubbing your eyes, try to break the habit and use artificial tears instead to soothe any discomfort.
- Allergy management: If you have allergies, make sure to manage them properly with medication or avoidance of triggers. This can help reduce inflammation in the eyes and minimize the risk of developing keratoconus.
- Contact lens fittings: If you wear contact lenses, make sure to get a proper fitting from an eye care professional. Ill-fitting or poorly prescribed contact lenses can put unnecessary pressure on the cornea and worsen the condition.
Protecting Your Vision with Specialized Keratoconus Care at Coast Optometry
The exact cause of keratoconus isn’t fully understood, but it likely involves both genetic and environmental factors. Understanding these causes and getting proper treatment can help manage the condition and improve vision. Regular eye exams and following your eye care professional’s advice are key to early detection and effective treatment.
At Coast Optometry, we offer comprehensive eye exams and specialized care for keratoconus. Our team of experienced optometrists will work with you to develop an individualized treatment plan that addresses your specific needs. Don’t hesitate to reach out to our office to schedule a consultation if you have any concerns about keratoconus or other eye conditions. Your eye health is our top priority.
